Biology

Outline the process of speciation

Outline four different functions of membrane proteins

Compare and contrast the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis, [50 mrks]

Distinguish between transcription and translation

Outline the role of short tandem repeats in DNA profiling

Suggest a way methylation may affect tumour cell genes.

Outline the difference in methylation pattern between tumorous and normal tissue samples.

DNA methylation has a critical role in gene regulation by affecting transcription. Samples were taken from two colon cancer tumors (T1 and T2) and two normal colon samples (N1 and N2). A particular gene was implicated as a possible cause of cancer. The promoter of this gene was cloned (A–J). The data show the DNA …

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DNA has regions that do not code for proteins. State two functions of these regions.

Outline what is indicated by the mitotic index of tissue taken from a tumor. [50 marks]