Oxygen is needed to complete aerobic cell respiration.
Explain how chemical energy for use in the cell is generated byelectron transport and chemiosmosis.
Explain the process of muscle contraction.
Explain the process of muscle contraction. 3 pages
Compare and contrast the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis.
Compare and contrast the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis. 3 pages
Distinguish between transcription and translation.
Up to one additional mark is available for the construction of youranswers to this question.
Outline the role of short tandem repeats in DNA profiling.
Outline the role of short tandem repeats in DNA profiling. [20 marks]
Outline the difference in methylation pattern between tumorous and normal tissue samples.
Suggest a way methylation may affect tumour cell genes. 2 pages.
DNA methylation has a critical role in gene regulation by affecting transcription.
Samples were taken from two colon cancer tumours (T1 and T2) and two normal colon samples (N1 and N2). A particular gene was implicated as a possible cause of cancer. The promoter of this gene was cloned (A–J). The data show the DNA methylation patterns from these samples. The numbers (32–269) represent different markers in …
DNA methylation has a critical role in gene regulation by affecting transcription. Read More »
DNA has regions that do not code for proteins.
State two functions of these regions.
Identify the stage of mitosis labelled X in the image, giving a reason.
Outline what is indicated by the mitotic index of tissue taken from a tumour. [20 marks]
Explain how mitochondria could have been formed from free-living prokaryotes.
Explain how mitochondria could have been formed from free-living prokaryotes. [20 marks]